This paper examines the impact of biodiesel addition on density, viscosity, distillation profile, and cetane index of diesel fuels. The average CN value for methyl oleate is in the range of 56-58 with a CN of 57 suggested for calculating purposes. One problem is the reduction of exhaust emissions such as NOx to meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations. Finally, simple calculations prove that the introduction of high-biodiesel content blends in the fuel market would force the refineries to reduce the density of their fossil fuels. GridOto.com-Cetane Number (CN) atau Angka Setana merupakan ukuran untuk menunjukan kualitas bahan bakar diesel. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. This is illustrated in Figure 5 for an engine with TDC conditions made to match a Caterpillar 3176 production engine [1415]. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The cetane number improvers are 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, cyclohexyl nitrate and 2-methoxyethyl ether, which are added to the methanol/biodiesel blend with the ratio of 0.3%, 0.3% and 3% respectively. The parameters that affect the development of the model are also discussed. The unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters of the biodiesel produced have been nitrated by two alternative nitration methods, showing an incorporation of nitrogen between 3.43 and 5.10 wt.%, in the chemical form of nitro, nitrate and acetoxy functional groups. Also related to the ester composition is the cetane number which is one of the most cited … The engine was run with four different types of fuel: yellow grease methyl ester (YGME); soybean oil methyl ester (SME); and soybean oil methyl ester containing either 0.75 or 1.5 w/w % of the cetane improver 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (SME-0.75%EHN and SME-1.5%EHN, respectively). It's a measure of a fuel's willingness to ignite when it's compressed. This paper discusses the currently available CN estimation techniques and the necessity of accurate prediction of CN of biodiesel. 8(2) 208-213, Kivevele, T. T.; Huan, Z. J. 124389-398, Miraboutalebi, S. M.; Kazemi, P.; Bahrami, P. 2016. The second approach is also a statistical one, but its value depends upon the saponification number and iodine value. Fuel Processing Technology. Evaluation of oxygenated n-butanol-biodiesel blends along with ethyl hexyl nitrate as cetane improver on diesel engine attributes. Biodiesel blend stock typically has a higher minimum cetane level than that of petroleum diesel. In addition, the capability of the developed method in predicting the biodiesel CN was compared with the basal PLS method. The cetane number is one of the most significant properties to specify the ignition quality of a fuel for use in a diesel engine. Please provide us a feedback feedback if you see any error in this listing or you would like to report and articles that should have been in this section. Similarly, the present model was compared with the available litrature models. In term of accuracy, ANN model showed better results compared to RF model. It was observed that biodiesels and blends exhibit similarities with diesel in the fuel characteristics, CN and TG curves. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R-2) of 0.95, 2.53 for ANN model, and 0.92, 3.09 for RF model showed the high accuracy of these models. The objective of the present work is to predict the cetane numbers of different biodiesels using their fatty acid ester composition. The constructed model contains diesel samples of different compositions (50, 500, and 1800 mg kg(-1)), thus revealing the variety of fuel in the Brazilian market. Fuel. Models for estimation of cetane number of biodiesel from their fatty acid methyl ester composition using multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks were obtained in this work. In our work the first approach is a statistical one the accuracy of which depends upon the data obtained from various papers and literature sources, as all equations used were based on this data. The model developed in the present work can be used conveniently to give a satisfactory predicted CN of biodiesel from the FAME composition. An extensive literature review was made and the measured cetane numbers were compared with the reported values. 105325-330, Piloto-Rodriguez, R.; Sanchez-Borroto, Y.; Lapuerta, M.; Goyos-Perez, L.; Verhelst, S. 2013. Imdadul, H. K.; Masjuki, H. H.; Kalam, M. A.; Zulkifli, N. W. M.; Kamruzzaman, M.; Shahin, M. M.; Rashed, M. M. 2017. Fuel. Development of a Process for Refining Rape Seed Oil into Biodiesel and High-Cetane Components of Diesel Fuel. Twenty-four neural networks using two topologies and different algorithms for the second training step were evaluated. 57877-+, Choi, S. H.; Oh, Y. T.; Janchiv, A. The cetane number (CN), being related to ignition and combustion behavior, is a prime indicator of the quality of diesel fuels, including those derived from renewable resources such as biodiesel. Cetane numbers, cetane improvement and precombustion of fatty compounds in biodiesel. Four antioxidants: 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene (pyrogallol, PY), 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (propyl gallate, PG), 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (butylated hydroxyanisole, BHA) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene, BHT) were investigated for their effectiveness in oxidation stability. (2011). Prediction of the cetane number of biodiesel using artificial neural networks and multiple linear regression. The problem with poor solubility between highly concentrated free fatty acid animal fat and alcohol has addressed by using high blending ratios of solvent. The models developed to predict cetane number and ignition delay using artificial neural networks showed higher accuracy than 95 %. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Therefore, branched esters, which improve the cold-flow properties of biodiesel, can be employed without greatly influencing ignition properties compared to the more common methyl esters. 1(9) 537-543, Nadai, D. V.; Simoes, J. IntroductionSeveral physical properties of biodiesel fuels depend on their fatty acid ester composition [1][2][3]. The maximum prediction error from the present model was found to be 8 per cent. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2013 Ises Solar World Congress. Pure cetane represents the highest purity of diesel fuel possible, and thus has a cetane rating of 100. The objective in this study was to determine the effect of cetane number and ignition delay on the energy and exergy efficiencies of an internal combustion engine and to compare the results for the types of fuel stated earlier. Vegetable oil derived fuels for diesel engines are becoming important as alternative to petroleum diesel fuels due to their environmental friendliness and availability. The mean exergetic efficiencies of the fuels were in the order psi(SME) > psi(SME-0.75%EHN) > psi(SME-1.5%EHN) > psi(YGME). This table shows selected requirements for 100% biodiesel … In the present work, the measured cetane numbers (CN) of pure fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), as well as the FAME compositions and the reported CN of 59 kinds of biodiesels collected from literature were used to develop a simple model involving as more FAME component as possible for predicting CN of biodiesel from its FAME composition. Cetane number, viscosity, and higher heating value increases because of the increase of molecular weight and these physical properties decrease as the number of double bonds increases. 1990. ► We obtained models for estimation of cetane number of biodiesel. The determination of cetane number of biodiesel … The present work aims to develop a universal model to predict the cetane number of any candidate biodiesel fuel based on its fatty acid methyl ester composition using a multi-linear regression approach. The method consists of the successive application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Fuzzy Clustering and a feed-forward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to the data set. Besides, the maximum in-cylinder pressure of the blend with improvers increases from 6.58% to 9.94% and the maximum heat release rate of the blend with improvers increases from 1.38% to 6.78%. The proposed composition-based approach for predicting the cetane number of biodiesel is not limited to a specific data set. The cetane number of biodiesel is generally observed to be quite high. A comprehensive evaluation of the cetane numbers of fatty acid methyl esters. What Does Cetane Number Indicate? In some cases, cetane number trends were altered. 102(3) 1175-1181, Lapuerta, M.; Rodriguez-Fernandez, J.; Armas, O. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D-Journal of Automobile Engineering. 86(16) 2637-2637, Canoira, L.; Alcantara, R.; Torcal, S.; Tsiouvaras, N.; Lois, E.; Korres, D. M. 2007. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. The result shows that the improvers, especially cyclohexyl nitrate, have positive function on shortening the ignition delay period and extending the combustion duration. PCA recognized redundant information, and determined the number of clusters for subsequent Fuzzy Clustering classification. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Prediction of cetane number of biodiesel fuel from the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition. Abstract One of the major properties of biodiesel fuels is cetane number (CN) which expresses the ignition characteristics and quality of motor power. In this study, three kinds of cetane number improvers with different chemical components are chosen. Correlation coefficients of 0.91946-0.99401 were obtained by comparing the experimental and calculated values, while a mean squared error (MSE) of 1.842 x 10 (3) was obtained in the validation stage. Standard gasoline uses a rating system of octane numbers to measure its efficiency. Cetane number, viscosity, density, and higher heating value are important properties to affect the utilization of biodiesel fuels, because they are involved in the definition of fuel quality and are required as input data for predictive engine combustion models. Cetane number testing of biodiesel. A. Prediction of the cetane number of biodiesel using artificial neural networks and multiple linear regression. Cetane number effect on the energetic and exergetic efficiency of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel. 12(1) 125-138, Bamgboye, A. I.; Hansen, A. C. 2008. The proposed composition based approach for predicting the cetane number of biodiesel is not limited to a specific data set. 166143-151, Mishra, S.; Anand, K.; Mehta, P. S. 2016. The ANN models developed here can be attractive for their incorporation in simulators. Cetane Number – Cetane number is a measure of the fuel’s ignition and combustion quality characteristics. In addition, viscosity and density of the blend are rarely impacted by the improvers. Predicting the Cetane Number of Biodiesel Fuels from Their Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition. Two general mixing rules and five biodiesel samples were used to study the influence of FAMEs over the physical properties of biodiesel. A possible advantage of nitrated biodiesel over conventional cetane enhancers. The ANN-adapted PLS method predicted the biodiesel CN with an R2 value higher than 0.99 demonstrating the fidelity of the developed model over the classical PLS method with a markedly lower R2 value of about 0.85. However, the cetane number … NBB. Impact of Biodiesel Addition on Distillation Characteristics and Cetane Index of Diesel Fuels. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the fuel properties, engine performance and emission of a diesel engine by mixing ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN) with n-butanol-diesel-biodiesel blends. The low error values obtained compared with other chemometric based models described in literature, and high correlation coefficients between reference and predicted values showed that ANNs were efficient in determining flash point, cetane index/cetane number, and sulfur content (S1800). 1196-13, Li, R. N.; Wang, Z.; Ni, P. Y.; Zhao, Y.; Li, M. D.; Li, L. L. 2014. International Journal of Automotive Technology. The cetane number of the blend was 46, 50 and 55. The regression model has yielded an R(2) value of 0.953 and a standard deviation of 2.271. In this work, Random Forest (RF) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) assisted by 10-fold cross validation were employed to present appropriate, reliable and more generalized models for the prediction of CN based on experimental data of 131 different FAMEs collected from literature. It can be observed for vegetable oils that they possess low volatility characteristics, low CN and high viscosity different from those of biodiesels, blends, and diesel fuel. The common experimental methods of determination of CN is expensive and time consuming and are not always accurate, so it is vital to use other methods to predict CN. This work presents the characterization of two biodiesel samples made from beef tallow and soybean oil through their fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) profile. The most effective antioxidant (PY in this study) was was studied further for its effects on other basic fuel properties of biodiesels such as kinematic viscosity, cetane number, and thermal properties. This means that biodiesel fuels produced by SCTE at similar to 400 degrees C exhibit higher overall volatility when compared to commercial biodiesel samples produced by conventional catalytic TE. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Energy & Fuels. Among these improvers, 2-methoxyethyl ether has the best effects on the reduction of NOx concentration and smoke of methanol/biodiesel. Fuels with low cetane … (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. A simple and convenient regression equation with a high accuracy and a good reproducibility (average absolute error of 0.49 CN for testing set and 1.52 CN for all data) were developed, showing excellent correlation (R (2): 0.9904 for testing set). In this work, we have implemented a method which uses structural information from H-1 NMR spectra of fatty esters and biodiesels to infer the corresponding Cetane Number (CN). The present model also shows a good agreement with the measured cetane numbers. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The saturated fatty acids are the source of this high cetane number and values over 60 are common. The model obtained using multiple regression was compared with two other models from literature and it was able to predict cetane number with 89% of accuracy, observing one outlier. Cetane number is an important parameter in evaluating the quality of biodiesel fuel. A fuel’s CN rating HHV= -0.0259 ρ + 63.776 (3)can be applied to determine ignition characteristics ofbiodiesel … In the United States, No. 88(3) 415-423, Lujaji, F.; Bereczky, A.; Novak, C.; Mbarawa, M. 2010. Experimental data shows values varying between 45 and 67 for biodiesel and ranged between 40 and 49 for diesel fuel … Energy Technology. The optimized reaction time and temperature in the verification experiments were determined as to 90 min and 60 degrees C, respectively. A significant amount of methyl linolenate (C18:3) remained un-reacted after 210 min of oxidation. This work deals with obtaining models for predicting the cetane number and ignition delay using artificial neural networks. The CN of biodiesel varies widely in the range of 48-67 depending upon various parameters including the oil processing technology and climatic conditions where the feedstock (vegetable oil) is collected. 141(2), Knothe, G. 2014. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. Biodiesel fuels (vegetable oils and animal fats and their derivatives, especially methyl esters) still pose some technical problems when used as alternative fuels in a diesel engine. Prediction of cetane number and ignition delay of biodiesel using Artificial Neural Networks. For reliability, the fuels were tested three times, and the mean values were compared using different statistical techniques. Cetane number and thermal properties of vegetable oil, biodiesel, 1-butanol and diesel blends. Observed changes in cetane index were insignificant in most cases. A proposed Biodiesel Cetane Index, Development of a Process for Refining Rape Seed Oil into Biodiesel and High-Cetane Components of Diesel Fuel, Correlation for the estimation of the cetane number of biodiesel fuels and implications on the iodine number, Empirical Approach for Predicting the Cetane Number of Biodiesel, Relating the cetane number of biodiesel fuels to their fatty acid composition: a critical study, Investigation of the Parameters Affecting the Cetane Number of Biodiesel, New engine method for biodiesel cetane number testing, Prediction of cetane number of biodiesel fuel from the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition, A possible advantage of nitrated biodiesel over conventional cetane enhancers, Nitration of biodiesel of waste oil: Nitrated biodiesel as a cetane number enhancer, Artificial neural networks used for the prediction of the cetane number of biodiesel, Cetane numbers of branched and straight-chain fatty esters determined in an ignition quality tester, Cetane numbers, cetane improvement and precombustion of fatty compounds in biodiesel, Precombustion of fatty acids and esters of biodiesel. Similarly, uncertainty ranges could be established for CNs of other fatty materials. 10(4) 421-429, Gopinath, A.; Puhan, S.; Nagarajan, G. 2009. The most suitable combinations for high-quality BD production from animal fats were 2.0 wt.% catalyst with a 10:1 methanol/fat molar ratio, and about 65.0 wt.% solvent additive under normal atmospheric pressure. Cetane Number Prediction of Biodiesel from the Composition of the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. New engine method for biodiesel cetane number testing. The predicted cetane numbers are comparable with the experimentally measured cetane numbers. The positive effect of FAMEs on CN was obtained if Stearic acid or Myristic acid was higher than 51.95% or 44.95% regardless of other FAME acid percentages. In this work, existing CN data of fatty esters are complemented by studying C18 esters with differing double bond positions and double bond configurations. Cetane improvers having different effects on various fatty compounds were now identified, thus opening the possibility of tailoring the cetane improver to the predominant fatty compound in a biodiesel fuel. Description of the method, results of optimization of engine's working parameters for conduction of the test and method's Accuracy estimation are given in the paper. At the final stage ANN used membership values from the Fuzzy Clustering process as inputs to predict the cetane number of different types of biodiesel (complex mixtures) from data of pure substances (esters). High Cetane Number of Animal Fat Biodiesel. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Methanol and biodiesel, which have high oxygen content, are high-quality alternative fuels of diesel engine. Fuel. The predicted cetane number values are compared with the measured cetane number values. The collected material from this precombustion phase of the injection event was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Notably, the cetane number of the blends increased 4.74% to 11.82% are promising. 2012. 163(7) 720-727, Zavarukhin, S. G.; Yakovlev, V. A.; Parmon, V. N.; Sister, V. G.; Ivannikova, E. M.; Eliseeva, O. The cetane number of biodiesel is generally higher than the standard diesel fuel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. In this work, the cetane numbers of 29 samples of straight-chain and branched C1-C4 esters as well as 2-ethylhexyl esters of various common fatty acids were determined. Effects of Antioxidants on the Cetane number, Viscosity, Oxidation Stability, and Thermal Properties of Biodiesel Produced from Nonedible Oils. To convert the citation to text format, change the file extension to .txt from .ris after download. Exact estimation of biodiesel cetane number (CN) from its fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) profile using partial least square (PLS) adapted by artificial neural network (ANN). 46(1) 1-8, Lapuerta, M.; Rodriguez-Fernandez, J.; de Mora, E. F. 2009. Van Gerpen, J. 65255-261, Anitescu, G.; Bruno, T. J. The best neural network to predict the cetane number was a backpropagation network (11:5:1) using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for the second step of the networks training and showing R = 0.9544 for the validation data. Methyl ester (biodiesel) and 10% vegetable oil 10% 1-butanol-80% diesel blend was prepared from croton oil (CRO). The biodiesel composition effects on the cetane number are captured through two new parameters, viz., straight-chain saturated factor (SCSF) and modified degree of unsaturation (DUm), which can be estimated directly from the measured biodiesel composition data. With use of Biodiesel outcomes in a significant drop of unburned hydrocarbons, CO (carbon monoxide) and particulate matters. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Second, because an accurate knowledge of biodiesel density permits the estimation of other properties such as the Cetane Number, whose direct measurement is complex and presents low repeatability and low reproducibility. The main idea of this work was … The IQT is as applicable to biodiesel and its components as previous cetane-testing methods. Biodiesel is considered to be a unpolluted fuel since it has practically no sulphur particles, no aromatics which benefits it to ignite fully. The cetane number is the most significant property for measuring the ignition quality of fuels for compression ignition diesel engines. 31(15) 2524-2533. It was observed that the kinematic viscosity was reduced at lower concentrations of antioxidant additives (500 ppm) and slightly increased at high concentrations (1000 ppm) but lower than that of pure biodiesel. For the prediction of the cetane number model, 38 biodiesel fuels and 10 pure fatty acid methyl esters from the available literature were given as inputs. Some European experts on normalization of transport fuels have recently suggested the suppression of the cetane-number limitation from the European biodiesel norm when its final destination is blending with diesel fuel. The cetane number, a widely used diesel fuel quality parameter related to the ignition delay time (and combustion quality) of a fuel, has been applied to alternative diesel fuels such as biodiesel and its components. Biodiesel has become an important component in the European diesel fuel market. ► The best accuracy was obtained for the selected neural network. Twenty-four neural networks using two topologies and different algorithms for the second training step were evaluated. Low cetane numbers of intermediary species formed prior to fuel ignition may be an explanation for differing cetane numbers of fatty compounds. Nitration of biodiesel of waste oil: Nitrated biodiesel as a cetane number enhancer. Ignition quality in compression ignition (CI) engines is influenced by thermal characteristics and fuel properties. An experimental database was used for the developing of models, where the input variables in the network were the temperature, number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, as well as the composition of methyl esters. B.; Gatts, C. E. N.; Miranda, P. C. M. L. 2013. This study enhances the understanding of the effect of composition on the cetane number of biodiesel as well as the effect of oxidative aging on both biodiesel composition and the resultant DCN. The National Biodiesel Accreditation Program takes fuel quality a step further with the voluntary BQ9000 program combining ASTM standards and a quality systems program, which includes biodiesel production through end-use. In this study, the derived cetane number (DCN) of several types of biodiesel, biodiesel components and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) was determined using an Ignition Quality Tester (IQT (TM)). CN was measured in a CFR F-5 engine, and a thermogravimetric analysis (TG), as well as the determination of fuel properties of croton oils, biodiesel, and blend were carried out. Animal fat feedstocks result in biodiesel with a high cetane number, which is an important quality parameter for diesel fuels. To enhance the practical feasibility of biodiesel, antioxidants are added to increase its storage stability. 528-532, Knothe, G.; Bagby, M. O.; Ryan, T. W. 1998. On the other hand back end volatility (90% and 95% recovery and final boiling point) was in most cases reduced due to the biodiesel addition. Therefore, fleets that use Neste MY Renewable Diesel … 223(D4) 565-583, Wadumesthrige, K.; Smith, J. C.; Wilson, J. R.; Salley, S. O.; Ng, K. Y. S. 2008. Its determination is usually arduous and expensive. Inference of the biodiesel cetane number by multivariate techniques. Biodiesel has been produced by transesterification of waste frying oil with methanol catalysed by sodium methoxide. Fuel. New technology for refining vegetable oil (in particular, rapeseed oil) is proposed; a distinctive feature is the use of one transesterification reactor with a stationary bed of heterogeneous catalyst and an additional stage of hydrotreating of part of the biodiesel to obtain green diesel (high-cetane hydrocarbons) that can be used as an ameliorant for traditional diesel fuels is proposed. Thermal Science. Clicking Search Article will google the article. Furthermore, the proposed method has advantages such as low cost and easy implementation, as it applies the results of the routine test to evaluate the quality control of diesel. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of antioxidants on the basic fuel properties of biodiesel produced from nonedible oils of African origin (Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcus, and Croton megalocarpus). Moreover, introducing the EHN in the blends increased the carbon monoxide (CO) up to 16.64%, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions up to 27.46%, brake power (BP) up to 5.62% and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) up to 2.5% compared to the n-butanol added biodiesel blends. The high cetane number ensures an efficient and clean combustion, which means it keeps the engine cleaner than traditional biodiesel (FAME). The engine bench test was carried out on 186F diesel engine fuelled with methanol/biodiesel blend. The material and heat balances were calculated for the proposed technology. The experimentally measured cetane numbers and fatty acid compositions Of four biodiesel fuels were also given as inputs to develop the regression model. Other important fuel properties such as ignition delay via cetane numbers could also be improved. To predict the cetane numbers of biodiesel fuels from their fatty acid methyl ester composition, a Multiple linear regression model wits developed. Most simple ethers, including liquid ones, such as diethyl ether can be used as diesel fuels, although the lubricity can be of concern. B100. Hence it can be concluded that the addition of cetane improver to oxygenated alcohol treated biodiesel blends is well efficient for a diesel engine. This work establishes the general dependence of cetane number on the thermal properties of biodiesel. 30(12) 10425-10434, Rocabruno-Valdes, C. I.; Ramirez-Verduzco, L. F.; Hernandez, J. Determination of the CN of a fuel by an experimental procedure is a tedious job for the upcoming biodiesel production industry. Precombustion of fatty acids and esters of biodiesel. The cetane number of a diesel fuel is related to the ignition delay time. Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) composition used for estimation of biodiesel cetane number employing random forest and artificial neural networks: A new approach. 128180-187, Saanchez-Borroto, Y.; Piloto-Rodriguez, R.; Errasti, M.; Sierens, R.; Verhelst, S. 2014. Considering the higher cost and limits of production resources, a special attention is focused on raising the energy efficiency of biofuel usage, mainly through optimization of the combustion process. The cetane number was slightly increased at both 500 and 1000 ppm of PY antioxidant content. James G. Speight, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Third Edition), 2019 Cetane number. The prediction of the cetane number, kinematic viscosity, density and higher heating value of biodiesel is very close to the experimental values. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy. Hence, the ANN models developed can be used reliably for the prediction of CN of biodiesel. Poor oxidation stability of biodiesel is the central problem associated with its commercial acceptance.
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