The recording disappeared into boxes of tapes destined for the Florida Folklife Collections of the State of Florida Library and Archives. It considers the history of this tradition, distinctive characteristics of this variant of Sacred Harp, and how "Hoboken-style" leaders have negotiated rapid change while maintaining core values of memory, legacy, and spiritual meaning. Du kan lese mer om hvordan vi bruker informasjonen din, i retningslinjene for personvern og retningslinjene for informasjonskapsler. Census figures exclude a small population of American Indian descent, primarily Cherokee and Creek, who escaped the Trail of Tears and took refuge in remote regions such as the Okefenokee. Primitive Baptist hymn singing is one of the oldest genres of European American Protestant music in the American South, pre-dating the introduction of Sacred Harp singing, although both traditions drew on a common corpus of orally transmitted tunes. -Cassie & Melissa 20% off ALL women's jewelry at Target- including SUGARFIX. By the 1990s, participation had shrunk to a small cadre of Crawfordites, and the community legacy of local Sacred Harp was in jeopardy. Sacred Harp finding aid, South Georgia Folklife Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Odum Library, Valdosta State University The Lees' profound sense of spirituality goes far beyond opening and closing a sing with prayer, common practice throughout the Sacred Harp network. Bealle, John. Sacred Harp Musical Heritage Association “Some people think the leader is dancing, but it’s not dancing,” explains David Lee. On the Waterfront was filmed over 36 days on location in various places in Hoboken, New Jersey, including the docks, workers' slum dwellings, bars, littered alleys, and rooftops. Back home, David and Clarke Lee are prepared to lose vocal hallmarks which distinguished their singing community for generations in order to attract more local people to the tradition. The distinctive sound, especially the richly ornamented vocal lines, is morphing. The work was first published in 1844 and has reappeared in multiple editions ever since. Here I use it as John Crowley does in. HBK stands for Hoboken (New Jersey). The song leaders and singing school teachers in this tradition, however, always played central shaping roles, and David Lee is an extremely eloquent example. Rather, they eloquently speak about spirituality as “Why we sing” and share this view at singing schools they have led across the country. Geography. Johnny Lee, electronic mail correspondence with Laurie Kay Sommers, 14 October 1999. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_65').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_65', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Through interactions with singers across the country, David Lee became an articulate spokesman for his singing community. HBK is defined as Hoboken (New Jersey) somewhat frequently. http://www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/~mudws/harp.html. The entire event became a memorial lesson for Silas Lee, a Sacred Harp convention practice the Lees had encountered only a few years prior. "16Beverly Patterson. Whilst two people are engaging in doggie-style sexual intercourse, the person behind vomits all over the other person's back. University of Illinois Press, 1995, 166-167. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); As folklorist John Bealle has observed, subsequent generations of Primitive Baptists have associated this little book with their love for the “old sound.”17John Bealle, Sweet is the Day, a Sacred Harp Family Portrait: A Guide to the FIlm. 7 (July 2004). Many Primitive Baptists use Primitive Hymns by Benjamin Lloyd (1841), a compilation of poetic texts organized according to topic which reflect Primitive Baptist belief and discipline. The last previous Hoboken drone was held in 1984. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); A drone commonly closes a singing school. This project is as much theirs as it is mine. The city's name most likely is a transfer from Hoboken, New Jersey. Pulse of the Planet radio series, "Shapenote Singing Intro," "Shapenote Singing David Lee," "Shapenote Singing Hoboken," "Shapenote Singing Meaning," aired November, 2000, in Radio Archives, South Georgia Folklife Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Odum Library, Valdosta State University, http://www.valdosta.edu/library/find/arch/folklife/radio.html. What does Hoboken mean? The Old Harp tradition appears most similar to Hoboken, with “a quartet singing a lesson of four parts in the middle of the class, [while] the rest of the class would get up, hold the starting chord and march around the room in time to the music while keeping that chord.” (Larry Olszewski email to Laurie Kay Sommers on the Old Harp drone, 14 February 2002; Karen Willard, email to Laurie Kay Sommers on the Mississippi drone, 13 February 2002; Nicholas Pasqual, email to Laurie Kay Sommers, 16 February 2002 on Kentucky folk singer Jean Ritchie’s remembrance of an Old Regular Baptist drone in the liner notes to her LP Sweet Rivers.). The name is derived from The Sacred Harp, a ubiquitous and historically important tunebook printed in shape notes. University of Georgia Press, 1978. David I. Lee and Clarke Lee, 15 February 1997. I use it to describe a stable cluster of neighbors, family members, and brothers-and sisters in faith that sustained Sacred Harp and hymnody for a century within one of the more isolated regions in the Deep South (see Dorothy Noyes, “Group,” Journal of American Folklore, Vol. Clarke Lee compared Sacred Harp to “soul food” for those who were raised on it and encouraged everyone that “if it lifts up your heart to sing to the Lord, that’s what we want you to do.”69Clarke Lee, stage remarks, Florida Folk Festival, 28 May 2000. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_69').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_69', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Along both sides of the Okefenokee, a cluster of neighbors, family members, and brothers-and sisters in the Primitive Baptist faith created and sustained a unique variant of Sacred Harp. If this month’s Mercury retrograde left you feeling banged up, then get excited for the Full Moon in Virgo on February 27, AKA your chance to finally recalibrate. Other distinctive features of this tradition include a deeply felt spirituality, walking time in a counter- clockwise fashion according to the meter of the tune, and use of the drone. University Press of Florida, 1998. The last previous Hoboken drone was held in 1984. Lazarus Dowling, the region’s first documented singing school teacher, courtesy of Elvera Dowling Lee, date unknown. Sacred Harp in the Okefenokee became more associated with and dominated by the religious principles of Crawfordite Primitive Baptists, views that were increasingly unpopular and anachronistic among their non-Crawfordite neighbors. “And because of that isolation, we developed a completely different way of singing this music. Since Sacred Harp network singers are already good singers, these out-of-town singing schools are tutorials of memory, place, and Sacred Harp tradition through story and song. The obvious sonic difference between 1958 and 2000 was the sheer number of singers and the audibility of all four vocal parts, including a full alto section similar to what the Lees had first heard in 1994 when they sang at Tallahassee. Crawfordites remain so tied to the old ways that they reject the most recent (1906) expansion of the hymnal from 700 to 705 hymn texts. Many Sacred Harp singers from southeast Georgia and northeast Florida have allowed me to record events and generously provided interviews, family photos, and sound recordings. Because we were Primitive Baptists, we did not partake in instruments of any kind. Hoboken is located at 31°10′58″N 82°8′2″W / 31.18278°N 82.13389°W / (31.182720, -82.133891. To learn about the now “old” Hoboken-style, one needs to attend one of the special out-of-town singing schools described previously. This is not a term local singers from the region use to describe their tradition, although—as described in this essay—some local singers have become quite skilled at describing and demonstrating their singing tradition to outsiders. So you were careful with those books. Walking time is taught at singing schools today. The oldest surviving meeting houses date to the early nineteenth century. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.5 square miles (9.1 km 2), all of it land.. This is not a term local singers from the region use to describe their tradition, although—as described in this essay—some local singers have become quite skilled at describing and demonstrating their singing tradition to outsiders. Crowley makes a similar point in “The Sacred Harp Controversy in the Original Alabaha Primitive Baptist Association.”. We thank you for helping us to support our work on the blog! He did, however, make the earliest known photographs and sound recordings of local Sacred Harp in 1922 and 1944 respectively.11Francis Harper, Special Collections, Zach S. Henderson Library, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA (photos) and American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, Francis Harper, Folk Music of the Okefenokee Swamp Region of Georgia, 1944. David’s mother, Delorese Conner Lee, recalls that during her childhood in Nassau County, Florida, her family sang from the Cooper revision of The Sacred Harp (published in 1902 and now the book of choice for local singers)21Silas Lee, however, recalled using various books during his long career as a song leader and singing school teacher in southeast Georgia and northeast Florida. Francis Harper, Special Collections, Zach S. Henderson Library, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA (photos) and American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, Francis Harper, The term “Wiregrass South” is an historic designation to refer to areas where the settlement pattern and resulting culture have been shaped by the wiregrass and longleaf pine ecosystem. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); while sitting together on the porch, around the dining table, and during the evenings of the annual or “Big Meeting” of their Primitive Baptist church. Superintendent Herrin accompanied the groups to FFF, and might have been the point person as well. Lloyd completed Primitive Hymns at a time when many Baptist churches were abandoning practices of a cappella singing with word-only hymn books in favor of hymnals with printed music used with instrumental accompaniment. In his seminal publication. In the Crawfordite worldview, singing on stage would be frowned on as “a show,” drawing inappropriate and unwarranted attention to the singers. I use the term “Sacred Harp network,” after Dorothy Noyes’ reformulation of the term “folk group” under the rubric of social network theory, to distinguish singers whose connection to each other is based solely on Sacred Harp as a hobby or avocation, as opposed to the deep-seated, multifaceted community ties which characterize singers in southeast Georgia and northeast Florida. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Crawfordite singers had a special reverence for The Sacred Harp book, giving it semi-divine status. The singers had traveled from the Okefenokee region of southeast Georgia and northeast Florida to the town of White Springs. Download Citation | Hoboken Style: Meaning and Change in Okefenokee Sacred Harp Singing | Karl Musser, Map of Okefenokee Swamp, 2007. In the early 1950s, Brantley County Superintendent Herschel Herrin and song leader Silas Lee initiated monthly Sacred Harp sings at the Hoboken School. Until the recent changes, sings in this region had a single male song leader. This song unfolds at a slow tempo influenced by the meeting house (quarter note equals 52 beats per minute on a metronome), beat in 4/4 time as opposed to the 2/2 tempos common in many other Sacred Harp traditions. Nearly twenty years later he staged a singing for his recording machine, with forty to fifty members of the Chesser family as audience. David and Clarke Lee felt that the joy and sweet communion that had once characterized their tradition was gone. It’s a 10- to 15-minute PATH (Port Authority Trans-Hudson) train ride into NYC, depending on where you’re going. In January 2001, I requested a drone in Hoboken so I could film the event. “I was raised in a home without radios and without televisions. Interested in submitting your work to Southern Spaces? Since 1994, when the Lees first "raised the tent flap and peeked out,"59Johnny Lee, Electronic mail correspondence with Laurie Kay Sommers, 14 October 1999. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_59').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_59', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); their world has changed dramatically. Ø AS.L.5 -‐ Language Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings. Pop: 33 476 (2002 est) | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Before an individual joined the church, these genres of music were part of his or her everyday life. Sacred Harp, Hoboken, Georgia, 1996 (CD), Digital Sound Technology, 1999. Lloyd’s was a “new” compilation which preserved the long-established worship practice of lined and unaccompanied hymn singing. The practitioners of Hoboken-style Sacred Harp historically have been Crawfordite Primitive Baptists, a subsect whose strict discipline and doctrine follow the interpretations of Reuben Crawford, an influential nineteenth century elder in the Alabaha River Association of Primitive Baptists. Beginning in 1996, after their “discovery” of and by the national Sacred Harp network, members of the Lee family were invited to give special singing schools on Hoboken-style where they taught and demonstrated the drone. The link may be Hoboken School, where Silas Lee and Superintendent Herschel Herrin had recently established a monthly community Sacred Harp sing. Most of the interview excerpts in this article are his, but the research behind the article encompassed many other voices and viewpoints. Patterson, Beverly. “It’s bigger than we are,” says David Lee “It’s a precious thing that was given to our little group of people.”74David I. Lee, remarks from the stage of the Florida Folk Festival, 28 May 2000. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_74').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_74', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Research for this essay received support from the National Endowment for the Arts' Folk and Traditional Arts Infrastructure Initiative, the Georgia Council for the Arts Folklife Program, Valdosta State University, and the Lila Wallace Reader’s Digest Community Folklife Program. “We had no idea how mistaken we was!”54Murphree, Wayne. In Radio Archives, South Georgia Folklife Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Odum Library, Valdosta State University, http://www.valdosta.edu/library/find/arch/folklife/radio.html. Hoboken Hoboken is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. "We were asked about our style of singing,” says Johnny Lee, “how did we do it, could we show or teach them, etc. The great swamp also was a hiding spot for runaway slaves, Civil War deserters, and anyone wishing to elude the authorities. The local style of singing still is learned informally, but unless they are part of the small group of Crawfordite singers, the next generation of Okefenokee singers hears less and less of the old unique sound. This local music community remained self-contained for generations, maintaining their tradition of Sacred Harp outside the mainstream of southern singing conventions. Just awesome. by D Wiley Wed Sep 16, 2015 4:44 pm. Some traditions, such as Sacred Harp and Primitive Baptist hymnody, successfully transplanted to surrounding locales in Georgia and Florida. How is Hoboken (New Jersey) abbreviated? Photo by Laurie Kay Sommers, courtesy of South Georgia Folklife Collections, Valdosta State University Archives and Special Collections of Odum Library. A journal about real and imagined spaces and places of the US South and their global connections. The annual or Big Meeting typically included a Sacred Harp sing on Saturday evening. Before joining the church, several singers recall visiting Sacred Harp conventions near Cordele, Georgia, but they preferred their own way of singing and stopped attending.47Wilson Wainright, interviewed by Laurie Kay Sommers, Nahunta, GA, 4 September 2003. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_47').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_47', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); For the most part, “We never sang with anybody except ourselves,” David Lee explains. Southern Spaces. Clarke Lee, stage remarks, Florida Folk Festival, 28 May 2000. Sings still occur during Big Meeting and at singing schools. A city of northeast New Jersey on the Hudson River opposite Manhattan. Delorese Conner Lee, phone interview by Laurie Kay Sommers, 8 July 2009. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 528. The Crawfordites retained the old-style practice as they understood it and perpetuated a strong boundary of separation. Rare demonstration of a drone led by David I. Lee, "The Gospel Pool" (#444), requested by Laurie Kay Sommers so that it could be filmed; held at the close of the monthly Sacred Harp sing at Hoboken Elementary School. The Primitive Baptist faith was the dominant religious practice along the Okefenokee frontier through WWII and a key force in community religious, social, and cultural life. As they walk, their feet keep strict time with the meter of the tune. (201) 653-2358. The Hoboken waterfront is the western shore of the Hudson from Newark Street and the Holland Tunnel to the south, and the Stevens Institute of Technology and Lincoln Tunnel to the north. Sacred Harp singers describe theirs as singer's music, not listener's music, so even today, a stage presentation of traditional singing communities is rare outside festival contexts. Song leaders walk the perimeter of the central hollow square (the characteristic spatial arrangement for Sacred Harp singers, with the tenor, treble, alto, and bass sections each forming a side of the square and the song leader in the middle). In Nassau County, Florida, singers periodically gathered in small buildings like a renovated egg house or a simple building constructed just for singing. Jan 12, 2019 - Rich in musical heritage, Hoboken still retains small town charm and Southern hospitality. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997. At the faster tempos the ornamentation is less audible and pervasive. People were out and about Tuesday despite a self-isolation order in Hoboken, New Jersey This essay explores "Hoboken-style" Sacred Harp singing of the Okefenokee region of southeast Georgia and northeast Florida. And reminded us of what it used to be. 10th & Willow Bar & Grill. When internal strife caused a split, it initiated a period of transition and change. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); experienced their heyday, through the 1940s, the Crawfordite Primitive Baptists had as many as eighteen churches on either side of the Georgia/Florida line, a significant number for such a rural area. In addition to hymn singing during the service, members gathered to sing hymns before the start of the service, a practice which continues today. Sabol, Steven L., compiler. Awake Productions, 2006. http://awakemysoul.com. My recorded interviews combined with participant observation provide the primary source material for this essay. Both signs and curriculum are initiatives of retired Waycross, Georgia music educator, Willie Character. Sacred Harp Singing At most of these gatherings, the family also sang from the Lloyd hymnal. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); This was the first of two late-1950s appearances at the festival by the Hoboken group and the only one recorded. ... On weekend nights the town swells with young partygoers from nearby New Jersey towns who practice a rowdier style of barhopping than is fashionable across the river in Manhattan. Silas Lee pitched the singing quite low, so the singers could sing the melodies slowly in a richly ornamented style influenced by their own tradition of Primitive Baptist hymn singing. David Lee persuaded him to “make one last effort.”52David I. Lee and Clarke Lee, interviewed by Laurie Kay Sommers, Hoboken, GA, 15 February 1997. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_52').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_52', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Around this same time, local singers began to discover the Sacred Harp network of singers across the United States. Ward’s History of Coffee County [Georgia] appears to describe the practice—without using the phrase “walking time”—in singing schools held in 1875 by “Singing Tom” Davis of Montgomery County, Georgia. Sacred Harp became a symbol of the old ways with their “web of relationships, culture, and sacrality.”50Stephen A. Marini, Sacred Song in America: Religion, Music, and Public Culture, University of Illinois Press, 2003, 90. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1500_1_50').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1500_1_50', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Marini argues that Sacred Harp is the only remaining southern institution able to express this web of relationships. Their eldest child, David I. Lee, was raised in northeast Florida until he was 15, when the family moved to Hoboken. The majority of Hoboken's residents are young professionals, sometimes referred as "yuppies." Visits to Hoboken’s monthly sings became “pilgrimages” to the wellspring of the “ultimate traditional Sacred Harp singers.”2Kiri Miller, Traveling Home, Sacred Harp Singing and American Pluralism, University of Illinois Press, 2008, 102. “We didn’t have any other kind of music,” says David Lee (born in 1954). Hoboken Style: Meaning and Change in Okefenokee Sacred Harp Singing . Sacred Harp & Related Shape-Note Music The term “primitive” refers to members' desire to follow the ways of the original or “primitive” Christian church. David’s boyhood memories resound with Sacred Harp: All of these contexts also included hymn singing.
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