This theory explains how an individual learns different things through social interactions with others. One of the earliest consistency theories was balance theory (Himmelfarb & Eagly, 1974; Kiesler, Collins & … Multiplying the signs shows that the person will perceive imbalance (a negative multiplicative product) in this relationship, and will be motivated to correct the imbalance somehow. (Person P could also avoid object X and other person O entirely, lessening the stress created by psychological imbalance.) ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128008911000044URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128154588000037URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767002576URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767005398URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B008043076700351XURL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767017873URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767019343URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B008043076701648XURL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767017587Emergence of Stable and Glassy States in Dynamics of Social NetworksInternational Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences). Most of these relationships are not necessarily reciprocal. A particularly interesting structural property is evaluative-cognitive consistency—the extent to which the evaluative implications of a person's stored (or accessible) beliefs match the evaluation implied by overall attitude. For example, in a two-person system, if a likes b and b likes a, then the system is in balance. The acceptance of a new opinion (and hence attitude formation) is dependent upon the incentives that are offered in the communication. First, it is likely that constraint-satisfaction models will be extended to other psychological phenomena. Lines represent relationships between social actors. Until the 1960s, the field was dominated by consistency theories of attitude, a family of theories that share the basic motivational assumption that people strive for consistency. Although some such properties have been ascribed to attitudes, most researchers have focused on (a) attitude's relation to other attitudes, as in Heider's classic ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Any type of dyadic relationship can be represented, but most common are communication, friendship choices, advice, trust, influence, and exchange relationships. The 8 Configurations of Balance Theory. If theorists assumed that attitude structure reflected this operational definition (though generally they do not), attitudes would have, at best, rather simple structural properties. Moreno (Moving to understanding in actual interactions between people: although generally these theories do not take an explicit dual-process approach, one set of theories focuses on the role of old, familiar, prepackaged information, whereas another set focuses on the role of newly processed information.One of the fundamental principles of attraction is familiarity.
THEORY OF ATTITUDE FORMATION Cognitive Consistency Theories Research has generally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behaviour. It is shown that on the paths toward jammed states, further away from jammed states, the possibility to avoid encountering to jammed states increases Two central and associated thematic statements were most fully articulated in Heider reasoned that object configurations, including social objects, could be classified into those that are in a balanced or in an imbalanced state. These might include cognitive For both new and current domains, it can be expected that constraint-satisfaction models will be run, not only to cover existing psychological phenomena, but increasingly to predict new phenomena that could guide empirical research.Efforts might continue to expand the limited memory capacity of current constraint-satisfaction networks. 14, whole no. If, for example, a likes b as well as object x (e.g., the elected president), then if b does not like x, the situation is again imbalanced and a force will be created to bring the system into a state of equilibrium by, for example, a change in one's attitude toward b or toward x. The points usually represent individuals or other social actors like organizations or positions in organizations. For example, how many beliefs a person holds about an attitude object is important for understanding the processing of new attitude-relevant information; more knowledgeable people tend to process information deeply, or systematically, whereas less knowledgeable people tend to process information superficially, or heuristically (e.g., Wood et al.
The Learning theory is a product of the works of many Psychologists including Albert Bandura, Hovland, Janis, Doobs and others. When plus overcome minus there is balance; in case of an imbalanced relationship the Balance Theory predicts that an attitude change would take place to restore the balance. In other words, if we feel we are 'out of balance', then we are motivated to restore a position of balance. This means that people seek to reconcile divergent attitudes and align their attitudes and behaviour so that they appear rational and consistent. 607. Along with R.A. Fisher, he converted breeding into a quantitative science. An example of ‘latent’ imbalance, which contributed to the dramatic tension in Ibsen's Wild Duck, occurs when a scrupulous husband loves his wife who, unbeknownst to him, has engaged in a dishonest act for his benefit.
When there is an inconsistency, forces are … Psychological Monographs, 79, No. The number of patterns that Neural network modelers might use some of the heuristics discovered in symbolic constraint-satisfaction research to enhance the power of neural models to cover the guessing and backtracking required on more difficult problems.Finally, the neurophysiology of constraint satisfaction could be more fully explored to the mutual benefit of both modeling and brain research. Many concepts and theorems of graph theory can meaningfully be applied in social network analysis (see particularly Harary et al. 14, whole no.
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